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1. There are many reasons why people migrate. The International Organization on Migration (IOM) highlights several main reasons that motivate migration:

1. increased armed violence
2. ethnic and racial conflict
3. features of globalization
4. environmental degradation
5. development-induced displacement
6. denial of democracy
7. large-scale corruption
8. economic insecurity

2. An important trend in international migration is the increase in transnational migration. According to the UN report on the Millenium Development Goals and Migration (2005), instead of people migrating permanently to one location, people are migrating more and more on a temporary, seasonal and circular basis (move back and forth). New information and communication technologies have made it easier for migrants to communicate with each other and to stay in touch with those left behind. And, changes in global transportation have made traveling cheaper and easier.

3. In 2005 there were 191 million migrants (people living outside their country of origin or citizenship), which includes those migrating for employment, their dependants and refugees and asylum seekers. (ILO Fact Sheet on Labour Migration) Most international migrants are from developing countries but migration does not just occur from south to north. While 60% of migrants live in the most developed countries, 40% live in less developed countries, with migration occurring within and/or between developing countries. (Millenium Development Goals & Migration Report, 2005)

4. According to the ILO (International Organization on Migration), migrant labour makes a significant impact on the world economy. In 2005, migrant workers sent home US$250 billion to support their families and communities in developing countries. They also contribute to development by bringing capital and skills when they return to their home countries and through the transfers of skills, technology and investments of communities living abroad. Globally, people now agree that labour migration contributes to growth and development in both sending and receiving countries. (ILO Fact Sheet on Labour Migration, 2006) In destination countries, migration boosts populations and stimulates growth. Statistically, countries with the highest levels of immigration are among the most successful economically - the United States, Canada, Australia and South Africa, for example. In Europe, Germany, Switzerland and Luxembourg have some of the highest proportions of immigrant workers and are among the wealthiest. (ILO Conference paper: Towards a fair deal for migrant workers in the global economy, 2005)

5. Refugees are people who are forced to leave their homes due to fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, social or political affiliation.

6. Asylum seekers are people who have fled to another country where they have applied for state protection by claiming refugee status, but have not received a final decision on their application.

7. Temporary contract workers are the most common category of documented labour migrants (those who arrive through official channels). They are allowed to enter a country for a limited period of time with the intention of returning home when their contract expires. Most temporary workers are low skilled and recruited to work in seasonal jobs such as agriculture and construction. Migrant workers are also in rising demand for other low-paid, less-skilled jobs in cleaning and maintenance, domestic services and health care. At the same time, they are more in demand for high-skilled information technology and professional jobs.

8. Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are people who are forced to relocate within their own State because of situations like war, civil conflict and political persecution.

Development displacees are people who move as a result of policies and projects created in the name of "development". These include dam and road construction, urban clearance projects, mining and deforestation, conservation parks/reserves and biosphere projects.

People who fall into these two categories are considered internal migrants. Most internal migrants live in the developing world. (Millenium Development Goals & Migration Report, 2005)

9. Permanent migrants are a major category of migrants especially for traditional countries of immigration (such as Canada). However, there is no common legal definition of a permanent migrant. Defining immigrant categories, entry qualifications and treatment varies from country to country. When it comes to international labour migration, countries are generally becoming more selective in terms of gender and age. Many national immigration and "temporary" labour migration policies place legal limits on families accompanying temporary migrant workers. (World Health Organization, 2003)

10. Women are more likely to experience deprivation, hardship, discrimination and physical, sexual and verbal abuse when traveling as migrants. They are also more likely to be exploited and become victims of human trafficking. At the same time, once they arrive in the destination country, female migrants may have a more difficult time integrating, face more marginalization and have a more difficult time entering the labour market. This means they may have less access to employment, social security and health programmes compared to male migrants. Women are also more vulnerable if their legal residence is tied to their relationship with a citizen. (Millenium Development Goals & Migration Report, 2005)

11. According to the ILO (International Organization on Migration), 10-15% of migration today involves migration under irregular situations that can arise at various points - departure, transit, entry and return - and they may be committed against the migrant or by the migrant. Irregular migration occurs in developed regions - like Europe and North America but also in developing regions - like many parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America. It is especially common in Asia where there are several million irregular migrants: mostly Nepalese and Bangladeshis in India, Afghans in Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran, Indonesians and Filipinos in Malaysia, and Burmese in Thailand.

According to the ILO, the fact that there are so many irregular workers worldwide indicates that the demand is greater than the supply of migrant workers. So they keep coming through irregular means. Irregular migration leads to high levels of exploitation, forced labour, and abuse of human rights. For example, if they have to travel long distances, irregular migrants often pay for the services of smugglers, who might conceal them in trucks or ships or supply false documents, or bribe immigration officials. Smugglers can charge US$200-300 to get migrants across a land border, or about US$30,000 to transport them from East Asia to North America or to Europe. (ILO Conference paper: Towards a fair deal for migrant workers in the global economy, 2005)

12. According to the ILO (International Organization on Migration), achieving more open and fair markets can drive economic growth, help reduce poverty and foster development. This is the mission of the multilateral trading system. However, "the trading system has mainly served the interests of developed countries," says the ILO (2005). According to the ILO, a more balanced trade system would allow developing countries more potential for economic growth. Some of the traderelated reas where it suggests changes are:

• Agriculture: Currently, farm subsidies in developed countries make it difficult for developing countries to compete and as a result many agricultural workers have lost their jobs or have become poorer. Many of those who have lost their jobs look to migration as an option for survival.

• Market access in general: Trade barriers reduce opportunities for growth - "Developing countries exports to developed countries face tariffs that are, on average, four times higher than those faced by the exports of other developed countries," says the ILO. The International Organization on Migration suggests that both developed and developing countries should remove trade barriers.

• Services: Liberalizaing trade in services (such as temporary work) may provide economic benefits for developing countries providing that nonmarket objectives are also considered (eg. human rights).

• Free trade agreements: These have a mixed record in achieving real liberalization as rich countries are pitted against poor countries, which makes negotiating fair agreements difficult. (Millenium Project Task Force Report on Trade and Development, 2005)

Sources:

• ILO (International Labour Organization) Facts on labour migration (2006)

http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Media_and_public_information/Fac...
s/lang--en/docName--WCMS_067570/index.htm

• ILO (International Labour Organization) Conference paper: Towards a fair deal for migrant workers in the global economy (2005)

http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Labour_migration/lang--en/docName--
KD00096/index.htm

• Report: The Millenium Development Goals and Migration (2005) IOM (International Organization on Migration) Migration Research Series

http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/...
d_docs/serial_publications/MRS20.pdf

• Report: Trade and Development (2005) UN Millenium Project Task Force on Trade

http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/TF9-trade-complete.pdf

• Report: International Migration, Health and Human Rights (2003) World Health Organization (WHO) Health & Human Rights Publication Series, Issue #4, December 2003

http://www.who.int/hhr/activities/en/FINAL-Migrants-English-June04.pdf

• Human rights of migrants: Challenges of the new decade (2000) International Migration Quarterly Review, Vol. 38, No. 6, Special Issue 2, 2000